Is Seeing Believing?

‘Theory of Knowledge’ Name: Nkole C Date: 19th October, 2012. Instructor: Maurice H ‘Seeing is believing. ’ Belief is the mental reliance or acceptance of a condition. It causes people to validate and actualise what they have or get as information and consequently apply that to other situations in order to create new patterns- what is called Knowledge. ‘Seeing’ refers to the sensation of obtaining information through sight, or our senses.People can claim to obtain their knowledge in many different ways which include senses, intuition or intellectual reasoning, past experiences, priori knowledge used to develop a new organisation of patterns and perception of what is to come which usually results from relating with past experiences and cultural beliefs. Humans refer to sight, hearing, smell, temperature or pressure and taste as the senses used to obtain knowledge. Intuition refers to the relating of a condition and giving an intellectually valid reason to come up with truth.For example, we believe that three and four are greater than two, and so we can propose that there are numbers which are greater than two. This, in a sense, depends on the fact that we made true the fact that three and four are actually greater than two, which is a prior assumption. These different areas of knowledge all have their problems. However, true knowledge and the ways of obtaining it is something that has caused controversy among many scholars. On one hand is the idea of Empiricism while on the other hand is the idea of Rationalism.Empiricists are people who believe that whatever we know, and hence believe in, is gotten through sensory experience. They assert that the mind was as pure as white- defined as tabula rasa by them- and whatever that we know now as knowledge was installed or written on the mind by the senses’ experiences and absorbed into the brains. The information gotten in this way helps the human brain to relate this to oth er sensations and be able to make patterns to define new situations.Empiricists argue saying that there is no innate knowledge which the mind had validated before sense experience, though there is priori knowledge which is actually true. To the empiricist, ‘seeing’ or sense sensation is the only way people obtain knowledge and therefore is-believing. Depending entirely on senses for true knowledge, however, has its own problems and can easily lead to someone obtaining the wrong information.A defect on the sense organs like those due to agnosia and aphasia can lead to someone obtaining the wrong information since it is possible to speak in a way while the body language shows another thing. Senses also rely upon the environment to be able to function. A person who has never been exposed to the light will never know colours if they are exposed to them at a later stage in their lives. In their normal functioning, senses also have limitations in the way they obtain informati on. The human eye, for example, can only resolve up to 0. mm which means that points or lines that are less than 0. 1mm apart will be seen as a continuous line, which is false. The senses, no matter how true the information they get is, also depend entirely on the brain’s ability to evaluate the electrical impulses it gets from sense sensations which could be responses to chemical reactions in the taste buds and hair cells of the nose, frequency of light waves and difference in pressure of air in the eyes and ears respectively, or pressure and temperature in the skin.It is clear that if the brain itself has a defect, the probability of which we cannot be certain, every bit of the knowledge that one would get would be untrue. Even when it is true, and so to argue the rationalists, the brain sorts out the small bits of information it gets according to the relationship with some prior knowledge, innate knowledge they call it. ——————†”———————– [ 1 ]. http://www. thefreedictionary. com/belief [ 2 ]. http://plato. tanford. edu/entries/berkeley/ [ 3 ]. Definition gotten from hand-out given in class [ 4 ]. A condition that causes people not to get the tone of voice in speech and have to rely entirely on their ability to read body language to get in information. From class hand-out [ 5 ]. A condition that causes people not to make out complex pictures to be able to read body language. From class hand-out [ 6 ]. The allegory of the curve from hand-out in class [ 7 ]. From Biology text book

Principal Intern Essay

As I embarked into this higher education path I wanted nothing more than to be an administrator of an Elementary or Middle School in Texas. I was able to even envision myself in the school district I currently work in working in school administration at one of the schools I have taught at. I was fortunate on my internship year to have the position of being the instructional technology facilitator and was able to help more in depth with the administrators of my campus and learn the in and outs of the administration side of the school. Looking at all of this and having experienced it I am now thinking I am leaning towards more working towards becoming a department head or maybe the head of a academic department for the district. I am hoping the first step to this will be to become the department head for fifth grade on my campus and then moving towards becoming the English Language Arts and Reading department head. Eventually over time I hope to move into a more Reading Specialist position for a campus or even possibly a district. My ultimate goal is to move into the administration building and become a curriculum director for a district. As a leader I hope to accomplish many things to my employee’s and staff like being stronger leaders in the classrooms, stronger teachers, and being able to empower students for long term success. I have always wanted since I entered education to see the end result of my students to be a positive one and love to see the academic growth my students show over the course of a school year. I think that being able to show teachers and staff how to be and become strong leaders in the classrooms will help to majorly accomplish this goal. For me a leader is someone who listens and empowers its learners to learn in a way that fits their own personal needs and not necessarily the needs of the teacher themselves. I also think that using these techniques it will help teachers to become stronger educators in life and in the long run. Helping teachers, just like students, create a solid foundation is a great way to start them in the right direction and therefore it will be easier for them to lead themselves one day. And finally I would love to see in teachers, like I do with my students, long term success over the course of a year, two years and even ten years as they grow academically with the students. In Texas we are constantly changing the way things are being tested and handled. Being able to be a leader that is open to those changes will help me to accomplish my goals to the best of my ability while creating successful teachers and students. Reflective Practice In the beginning of these courses reflective writing did not seem to be an influential part of my learning process as a student myself. In my own classroom I did not use much reflective writing for my students because I saw it as time that I could be using on something else related to the content. Throughout the courses related to my master’s degree through Lamar University I have had to reflect in every course on what I learned throughout the class. At first I was skeptical about the reflective writing but as the course progressed I realized that by writing reflectively I was able to take the course material and transpose it into my own words. This helped me to have a clear understanding of what I learned and make it my own. One of the meaningful things that I feel I should have walked away from these courses is that the best way to become a leader is to create ownership for the staff, and I relate that to reflective writing. In my reflective writing I am walking away with a sense of ownership from my courses, and this helps to realize the main facts of what the course was about. Reflective writing now has a new meaning to me; it is now more of me creating my own ownership to the material presented in the course. I have even now find myself using reflective writing more and more in my own classroom and finding it a useful tool to assess what the students are walking away from my lessons with. To me reflective writing is a great tool to check students understanding of what was taught and what was learned. Reflective writing has had a significant influence on my practice currently in my classroom. Instead of using traditional quizzes and test I find myself using more reflective writings in my own classroom. It is a great form of writing to use to allow the students to use their own words to explain what they have learned in the classroom. In my future I plan on using reflective writing more and more in a leadership role for my staff to obtain information on how well the school is operating and working as a team. I feel that if my current principal used more reflective writing in our faculty meetings then he would have a better understanding of what is going on inside the campus. When I am a principal with my own campus I plan on using reflective writing responses in order to check if my staff walked away from staff developments with what was intended for them to learn and to also make sure that the training was effective or not to use on our campus. I would also like to implement a feedback process that involves reflective writing, which will allow staff to respond to any procedures implemented on campus that might need to be adjusted. By using this reflective writing process in the future I can make sure that my staff walks away with the knowledge they need in staff developments and in-services. This will prove to be an effective form of feedback for me and reflection on what skills they acquired. In Examining what we do to Improve our Schools Tool 8.1 the CARE Model: Planning Tool uses four steps to address change for the future the final step Evaluate allows the staff to reflective on the prior steps they have created (Harris). In this process the staff or administrator is to take steps into identifying and solving problems they are facing on campus. The first three steps are steps on how to implement and strategize the problem at hand. The fourth step in the CARE Model is to ‘identify the best ways to evaluate the implemented recommendations’ which is a way for the person(s) making the decisions can reflect on what they have created. In the same book Tool 8.2 (Harris) provides a list of reflective type questions to be answered to examine school improvement. These are great questions to guide someone’s reflection or at the very least jump start their reflection process so they have a starting point. An example of one of the questions asked in Tool 8.2 is ‘What am I doing to sustain improvement?’ These types of questions allow me as a future administrator to use for myself and others to reflect upon what we are doing as a team to create positive school improvement. Competency Development DOMAIN I School Community Leadership Competency 001- The principal knows how to shape campus culture by facilitating the development, articulation, implementation, and stewardship of a vision of learning that is shared and supported by the school community. In this competency I learned many things on how to create a vision for my campus and how to make it happen. I found it is not only important to make your school have a vision or just a common goal but the process of getting to that vision is equally important. Competency 001 is the foundation for that solid house you want to build, without the foundation a house will eventually fall and break, just like a school would without a solid foundation. As a leader of my campus it is my duty to look into creating a climate that promotes higher level thinking and teaching. When I do obtain my own campus I will be using this competency to ensure that higher expectations are required. It is not just enough to create higher standards and expect people to follow them it is equally important to create them in such a way that they can become obtained. In order to make these goals and visions obtainable and reachable it is important not to just let one person make these decisions, but to allow all stakeholders to have a say in the creation and implementation of them. I found throughout all of my courses that the most important factoring in leading your staff and students in any direction is the ownership that they have in the school. It is important that all stakeholders have a clear understanding that each party involved was and is clearly represented. I know that I feel better implementing a plan that I took part in planning or know someone in the plan that had my best interests and the student’s best interests at heart. I found myself spending 23 hours on this competency with my principal and assistant principal. The majority of the time was spent prior to school helping the committees to set up the vision and goals. We then revisited the vision in the middle of the school year to adjust to the changes our campus faces. It was also important that my principal have me sit in on grade level meetings to see if each grade level had a clear understanding of what the vision meant for them and what it looked like in their classrooms and for their students. I would say in this section of the domains I believe that I am walking away with the most mastery because of all of the actual hands on time I got to spend working with my campus vision and missions. Competency 002 The principal knows how to communicate and collaborate with all members of the school community, responds to diverse interests and needs, and mobilizes resources to promote student success. In this section I learned the importance of correctly communicating with all staff, students, and community stakeholders for my campus. Although it was difficult at times to get parents to communicate and participate at school functions I was able to learn a lot about the process of correctly communicating with them. I was able to assist in almost every letter we sent home with students explaining our events. We not only had to have a copy in English but we also had to translate all letters in Spanish as well. Over the course of the year, logging over seven hours, as paper became more and more precious I was able to focus more on call outs over the phone system and also to work on maintaining accurate information on the schools website. I had a bit of the upper hand in comparison to others in these course because I was able to find ways through our website to communicate effectively with the community. In our many multicultural events we held on campus (Hispanic Heritage Art Contest, Black History Writing Contest, Math Night, and Science Night) I was able to have exposure to the positive effect it has on students through multicultural awareness. On this competency I spent around seven hours of internship time (I believe more logged hours were possible). Another wonderful thing I learned during this lesson was how to correctly manage school wide communication that took place on campus. I was very fortunate to have a very supportive principal who was willing to take me under her wing and allow playing a huge role in all activities on the campus. My principal always told me anything you would not say out loud make sure you do not put it in writing. She taught me through example and doing how to effectively write and create e-mails to be sent to the staff. I know now the importance of tone in my writing to ensure the way the e-mail is received it is received correctly. Competency 003 The principal knows how to act with integrity, fairness, and in an ethical and legal manner. One of the most memorable things I will walk away from this course is the question to always ask myself â€Å"Is the decision to the question in the best interest of the child(ren)?† My mentors (principal, assistant principal, counselor, veteran teachers) taught me this valuable lesson that any decision, no matter the size, has to have the student’s best interest at heart. This is a great way to keep you in check to make sure you are being ethical and act with integrity in everyday decisions as a campus administrator. The legal portion of this competency comes with the knowledge of making sure to follow all state guidelines set for by the Texas Education Agency. One of the best ways I found to make sure you are following the rules legally is to ask questions. My internship supervisor, Sherry Gore through my eighteen internship hours, taught me to never be afraid to ask questions or research the answer before making a decision. The way she taught me this was not in a direct manner but more indirectly. By demonstrating to me on topics that she was unfamiliar with how she asked other principals or administrators to solve her problems I learned his valuable lesson. With the ever changing ways of education in the State of Texas, and the Country for that matter, it is important for an administrator to make sure they are up to date with all their knowledge about the laws concerning the education of the children in their school. It is also the responsibility of the principal to make sure their staff knows about any changes in laws and procedures. Making sure the staff knows of these changes it will make the transition to the new ones a smoother one for their campus and thus make the impact less stressful on the children. DOMAIN II Instructional Leadership Competency 004 The principal knows how to facilitate the design and implementation of curricula and strategic plans that enhance teaching and learning; ensure alignment of curriculum, instruction, resources, and assessments; and promote the use of varied assessments to measure student performance. One of the major witnessing to competency 004 was that of how our campus was having year after year to adjust to its ever growing numbers of bilingual and ESL students on our campus. Each year we a faced with the challenge of how to adjust to the growing numbers not only with resources but also with the staffing of these new positions needed. In all campus purchases, technology or academic workbooks, we find ourselves looking as administrators on the campus at what kind of Spanish and ESL supplements were available and how well they will work for our students needs. I found it very interesting in choosing our new reading textbooks in how different the Spanish supplements are for the different adoptions. As a person on the committee, logging over twenty-three internship hours, for our school to help us choose our next adoption it was made very clear to us at the beginning of the process that we needed to make sure we are considering not only the English portion of the textbook but the ESL materials are equally important. I knew going into it that the ESL supplements were important but it never crossed my mind how important it is to our campus. With my campus being one of two bilingual campuses it was important to my principal that our vote was heard at the district level when choosing the newest adoptions. The next step in this was implementing a new reading textbook while adjusting to the new district wide curriculum CSCOPE. It was my principal’s job to make sure that all of her staff was well aware of how to use the materials mandated by the district for our new instructional focus always keeping the students best interests at heart when training the teachers to prepare for our school year of academic success. Competency 005 The principal knows how to advocate, nurture, and sustain an instructional program and a campus culture that are conducive to student learning and staff professional growth. All too often there is going to be a change in policy or educational law, and with these changes there is always going to be changes in educational practices that have proven to be effective. The older methods of teaching are not necessarily the best methods to be used to reach the students of 2011. This competency ensures that the principal keep up with the best practices and methods out in the world to use for the success of our students and staff. This includes making sure that the staff is up to date on the latest practices in teaching in new and exciting ways to reach children. I spent close to twenty-one hours working with my principal and instructional facilitators to ensure that our campus had what we needed to implement new teaching practices in our classrooms. This section requires a lot of research into the newest needs of the students and then the needs of the staff to meet those needs. One example of a staff development that I was part of implementing with the principal and instructional facilitators was when we had to move into a new online lesson planning system. This system was completely online and making paper lesson plans not necessary. It was my responsible to make sure the staff was trained in how to use this new system to its full potential. I had to attend training provided by the company ht owned the software as well as district training to show me how to show the staff how to use this new system. It was essential that the staff knew how to implement this program because it was soon to become a mandate by the district to improve district lesson plan sharing throughout the entire district. The essential great thing for the teachers was that of making teachers resources more readily available to district employees across the di strict. Competency 006 The principal knows how to implement a staff evaluation and development system to improve the performance of all staff members, select and implement appropriate models for supervision and staff development, and apply the legal requirements for personnel management. With this area I feel I need a little more practice, and that is my fault in the internship hours and plan. I do however plan on using my current principal to help me to understand the evaluation process of a staff member. With only putting in eight hours into this area of focus I feel that I need to focus more on the PDAS system. I know the system as a teacher but I feel I need to works towards better understanding of the administrator side of the evaluations. I did focus my attention on part of this aspect as determining the needs of the staff and creating a staff development for the staff to grow from. With the help of the assessment specialist on my campus I found that we as a staff needed more focus on how to properly prepare the kids to take tests for a long period of time. We gathered information and tips for the staff to use while preparing the students for their long awaited TAKS tests. We then used a simple evaluation survey at the end of the training to evaluate the effectiveness of the training to meet the needs of the teachers and students. We produced a lot of reflective time for teachers to share their own experiences in the classroom that allowed students to work to their best potential. With the knowledge of the results of the survey we used the knowledge we gained to conduct follow mini-trainings to assess the needs of the staff after they implemented the practices. The reason we conducted the mini-follow ups was because of the survey evaluation at the end of the training said they enjoy the trainings we have but they need further help after we implement the training in our classrooms. Competency 007 The principal knows how to apply organizational, decision-making, and problem solving skills to ensure an effective learning environment. Spending close to eighteen hours working on this competency it clear to see that this competency is an important one in relationship to the effectiveness of a campus. One major thing I learned from my principal was that you need to be organized enough to make sure you put together a quality interview to ensure that you put together a quality staff. I was fortunate enough to be able to sit in the interview process of one of our future teachers. The before part of the process was the preparation in getting ready for the interview, my principal using the Gallup interview process so she must be organized and ready. During the interview quality questions prove to be the most effective in choosing future staff members. Following the interview there is a debriefing with the hiring committee to ensure that the newest staff member would be a good fit for our campus and our students. We then moved onto working with the staff and interviewing them on what needs to be improved on campus. The next step in this process for my principal and I was to look towards the staff and see how well they internalized or resisted change in our continuous improvements implemented at the campus. We had to look at what changes were the best for the students as a whole and the needs of our at risk students.

Immediately I’d hand him my painfully heavy bag

When the bell rang at school I always waited anxiously to hear him. He’d call my name and when I turned around I knew exactly how he’d look. I’d still stare and smile back at his crinkly smiling eyes.   He’d always have his sunglasses on top of his bald head.Immediately I’d hand him my painfully heavy bag. At that moment all my homework troubles and test woes were over. He’d ask me the usual about school and friends. Although he knew I was shy around other people and often bullied around, he’d still ask, â€Å"How many kids did you beat today at recess?† The irony of it always made me laugh.While he drove me home he always chatted like a chirpy bird. He’d make his usual stop everyday. I knew what he’d say before leaving the car but I always looked forward to it. He’d say conspicuously, â€Å"Let me say a quick hello to my friend†. I’d   know exactly why he stopped but I’d play innoce nt.The stop meant he was getting candies from the store. He’d return back with chocolates and colored candies smiling, and say, â€Å"My friend sent these for you†. I can’t ever recall him not smiling. With the greed of a 6 year old I’d peer into the big bag and immediately gobble the loot before the school bus even reached home.I remember this particular day spent with him. While I was sitting in the backseat of the school bus and gloating over my treasure and with my mouth still full of chocolates I exclaimed, â€Å"You’re the best uncle ever; you buy the best things even when I never ask you for them†. He looked back at me from the rearview mirror and smiled.But, I remember seeing something strange and wistful in his eyes. I couldn’t understand it then but he said, â€Å"One day when you’re all grown up and going to university, I will pass you by on the street and I will call out to you but you wont recognize your Uncle Rob †¦I will ask you don’t you remember me? But no mater how hard you try, you won’t be able to remember me†.I was mad at Uncle Rob that day. I was angry at his confidence in the future that he had never seen. I reasoned with him as much as a six year old can. He stood firm. I explained to him again and again that I see him first thing in the morning when he drops me to school and last thing before he drops me back home. This will have to continue till I’m sixty years old and don’t need to go to school. He laughed sadly and shook his head in disagreement.The school year ended and Uncle Rob stopped picking and dropping me from school. I remember laughing, arguing and played games with him. When I moved to another state at the end of the year I made a mental note to myself to remember him.I put a flag to his memory and engraved his image in the deep recesses of my mind. I promised to never forget him. I’m almost 24 now and his memory is still flawless in my mind. But I wonder, if I’m walking on the street and come across a man with those crinkly smiling eyes and I call out his name, will he remember me?   

Impact and association of vision impairment from diabetic retinopathy Thesis

Impact and association of vision impairment from diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients - Thesis Example Another cause of concern is the increase of the disease among younger age groups, ranging from ages 18 to 69 years, making it a possible leading cause of eye and vision loss at early ages (Teck, 2006). Diabetic retinopathy is one of the reliable tools to assess the status, rate of progress and complications developing in the patient with the disease. Therefore, it can be used for systematic evaluation and checkups to ascertain the efficacy of a certain treatment regarding management of diabetes (Chun et al, 2007). American researches claim diabetic retinopathy to be the leading cause of blindness among people younger than 65 years of age (Knobbe and Hadrill, 2011). Alongside, researches on Australian and American populations also suggest that diabetic retinopathy is associated with higher risks of mortality due to heart complications and stroke respectively (Wu, 2010, pp 263). Diabetes can lead to many types of eye complications, including glaucoma, or the increase in the intraocular pressure, which in turn may increase chances of developing diabetic retinopathy (Sugiura et al, 2011, pp 624 and 625). Again, the type of retinopathy affects the intraocular pressure.

Parent Preparedness When Discussing Child's Sexual Education Essay

Parent Preparedness When Discussing Child's Sexual Education - Essay Example Right when parents begin to assume their responsibility in educating the child, the children seek an escape and thus, generate a communication gap that lead to lack of knowledge transmitted form parent to child. Another argument that sex education supporters raise is that the success rate of abstinence only program are low. One cannot observe any significant difference between individuals who enroll and who do not in this program. In order to frame a sex education program for school counseling, it is a recommendation that one starts with the most basic knowledge and then progresses to higher level of complexities. A very important perspective that needs attention here is the preparedness of parents in terms of educating their children. Experts believe that parents can play a crucial role in teaching children about sex. Introduction The paper aims to address the importance of sex education in adolescence. With the growing number of cases of sexual abuse and rapes, the matter is a pres sing concern for schools and parents all over the world as it is their responsibility to educate the child beforehand. ... Studies by World Health Organization reveal the contribution of healthy sexual development to overall well being of an individual. According to the U.S. Surgeon General, David Satcher, â€Å"sexual health is inextricably bound to both physical and mental health,† (Moore & Rosenthal, 2006). In terms of definition, sexual education refers to "education about human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, abstinence, contraception, and other aspects of human sexual behavior" (Klein, pp. 9, 1992). Although people all around the world accept the importance of sexual health, very few actually agree to the idea of education system to promote it. Main arguments regarding sex education programs involve role of government in family life; limitations to parent’s role in defining a sexual pattern for their children, subjectivity of values associated to sex for instance, gender and po wer etc and above all how does one define a mature sexual behavior for adolescent (Bruess & Greenberg, 2008). In addition, there are also questions as to how can one effectively communicate these ideas to adolescents, the content of such courses and mainly who is better suited to provide this guidance. Sex education has never been this critical an issue. Researches (Reintsma, 2007) reveal that there are 850,000 pregnancies and 9.1 million STIs (sexually transmitted infections) (Moore & Rosenthal, 2006). In addition, 70% females and 62% males have already experienced vaginal sex by the age of 18 in US. It has been a grave problem with little attention given. Moreover, as per U.S Department of Justice, every 2 minutes, a woman is raped. Only in the year 1995, 354,670 females encountered rape or

Business Advantage from E-Commerce in Fashion Industry Essay - 1

Business Advantage from E-Commerce in Fashion Industry - Essay Example Internet marketing or e tailing offers other distinct advantages of (Marciniak & Bruce, 2009, p.259). Fernie & Sparks (2009) proposed a model that stated the use of technology for ensuring procurement practices at the organization. The model largely states the use of technology intensive software packages as well as use of online channel to facilitate competitive advantage(Fernie & Sparks, 2009, p.29). Outbound logistics for e-tailing industry implies the cost for delivery of goods to the customers. The revenue margin gained from cost savings in inbound logistics helps in taking care of the cost of outbound logistics. Fashion retailers can be classified into four main categories namely, brick and mortar based retailers, virtual e-retailers, catalogue based retailers and multi-channel retailers. Internet has largely changed the supply chain dynamics of the fashion retailers with firms trying to use the internet for developing better relationships with the customers (Marciniak & Bruce, 2009, p.260). Internet based online marketing firstly helps in providing efficient and fast service to the customers as e-tailing helps in integrating the sales activities with after sales support to generate greater value for the customers. Secondly, cost based advantages include reduced cost of inbound logistics as firms eliminate many intermediaries who serve to reduce the margins while not adding any significant value to the product offering. Thirdly firms also get access to a large database of customers which can be subjected to data mining techniques to generate competitive advantage (Windischhofer, 2003, p.24) . Marketing and supply chain management practices are largely correlated with each other. Marketing strategies are essentially forming the basis for supply chain activities of an organization. Supply chain strategies are largely the outcomes of the relationship between the suppliers.

The Basis for Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Basis for Public Health - Essay Example There is an estimated 16 million orphans. Aids has marched across the US killing more people than all the wars put together including World War II. This paper will discuss efforts to control this epidemic as well as other public health issues. Aids was first identified in the United States in 1981. It is now in all sections of society. More than 1 million people are living with aids in the US and more than 1/2 million have died. Statistics show that 44% are African American, 35% are white, and 19% are Latino. Men make up 75% of adults and adolescents. There are an estimated 3,792 children under the age of 13 who have AIDS. The majority of them acquired HIV from their mothers. There has begun to be a dramatic drop in the numbers of deaths and infections with combination antiretroviral therapy being used more widespread. Accurate surveillance does not take place in the US and the CDC recommends that the US find a way to do a better job of this. Therefore many of the statistics mentioned may be higher. There is also a delay in the diagnosis and the actual reporting of the disease causing a delay in treatment in this country (cdc.org) Nurses in Zambia have been working together with Norwegian nurses to create a program which includes workplace facilitators that assist with HIV/AIDS training. These facilitators help the nurses get the information out faster and to more patients and families (Jefferson, 2006). The ZNA is also partnering with the Ministry of Health to help prevent aids transfer from mother to infants. They have worked with Boehringer-Ingelheim to help provide free testing to pregnant nurses and other health workers to prevent the transmission of aids to their babies. The program is working well enough that they will be expanding this program to include healthcare workers families (Oulton, 2004). The nurses in this country contract the virus often but if they are treated, they can continue to treat the public and protect their children. Switzerland had a controversial program which they have been very successful with. Their belief was that they needed to increase condom use in the country, reduce discrimination for those that have the virus and address injectible drug abuse problems. They provided condoms for free and gave syringes to those that brought a dirty one to trade. They have been very successful in reducing the numbers of new aids cases in their country (Jefferson, 2006). The Global Aids Alliance attempts to attack the link to social justice and poverty as well as gender equality. Their goals have been to treat the people, educate the people and protect the children. They hope to get antivirals to as many people as possible. Education is key but the virus is moving so fast that they must treat as many as possible to try to stop it. Here in the United States, there are many attempts at decreasing the numbers of infected and treating those that are. The Walk for AIDs campaign was very successful this year providing research money. Some cities such as San Francisco provide syringes and condoms in their attempt to reduce the numbers of aids cases locally. Poverty and homelessness in the United States is often part of this epidemic as well as so many others. One method of diagnosis and treatment might be a mobile clinic in the largest homeless areas in each city. Testing as well as treatment could be

Animation Film Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Animation Film Studies - Essay Example This narration helps to understand the ordinary world in an interceptive manner with the perception of the narrator. Narration is different in different media. The narration in Cinema is different from that of in books, history and psychology. This is due to the motion picture it involves during narration. As the motion picture is absent in books and psychology, the narration need to be a little bit dramatic to make a mark on the mind of the viewer. This is not the case with books, where the standard of the narration is crucial to determine the standard of the effect on the mind of the reader. Due to this the narration in film will help the viewer to see all the world's stories within a single structure framed by combined effort of script, director and other production team. According to Roland Barthes, the extracting from each tale its model, then out of these models making great narrative structure by reapplying is exhausting and undesirable. While stating this he is opposing indiv idual models for different tales that diversify the cinema narration. This statement supports the narration of world's stories under a single structure like ascetics see the whole landscape in a single bean. There are enough doubts about the validity of the statement when the tales of different cultures and different environments are considered. Do single structure for cinema narration holds good for different tales of different environments and cultures. This statement is made While Roland Barthes talks bout reality. When we consider same reality, according to Robin Wood, Metz is being insufficiently concrete and too concerned about abstract proposals. This abstractness, according to the view of Robin wood, will decrease the standard of reality. The naturality in narration of certain films and singularity in the body of the text made number of critics like robin wood to criticise the works of Christian Metz. They term the works as exploitation of filmic analysis. The abstract theor ies of Metz are opposite to cohesion and structure of the film while considering the film as representation or as a world. While making these comments or criticism, there is no reference about reality. Affecting the reality is affecting the truth. The truth of film cannot be expressed through Metz's system of narration as they are being more abstract. So according to critics of Metz, too much abstractness may affect truth or reality in terms of ordinary understanding. In this case, there should be different structures to different types of stories that give completely different conclusions. The film may appear in the form of obsession and desire if the narration is too abstract. One cannot tally obsession or desire with truth as the desire will be truth if it is fulfilled. So the desires cannot be expressed in narration of cinema Do they effect the reality of the narration involved These are the questions to be answered while considering or criticising the abstractness of Metz and h is theories. This type of criticism is due to the virulence with which Metz has been criticised is not due to lack of importance to structure of narration in the film but the abstract nature and too much organics he opposed. The opposing of organics or naturality is due to the emphasis on abstractness and he may not directly opposed the reality or naturality but the abstract sounding of his theories might have affected the

Article Review II Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review II - Article Example The second topic is the negative impacts that result from implementation and expansion of Medicaid. The third issues covered in the article high are requirements that are needed for individuals to qualify for the insurance. People with a low income can access federal tax credits thereby subsidizing private health insurance. However, those living below the poverty line will not benefit from the health insurance, Medicaid or other tax credits. The instances of unfairness resulting from the policy have been experienced in a number of states. For instance, The Kansas Medicaid program offers no coverage for adults without children (Robert). The intended audiences for this article are the general public, administration, public and private health care providers as well as all stakeholders in health care. The author has involved the audience in a though provoking way. There could be bias in the article as the author is a Republican and this article may be interpreted as a criticism of the Democrat administration. Although the public might blame President Obama for the current woes in health care, the Republicans are the ones responsible for fighting against the expansion of Medicaid (Health Policy Briefs). In the health care law approved in 2010, Congressional Democrats were determined to expand Medicaid in all states. The administration has been urging people who are in need of health insurance to register on the government website to receive information of the available insurance options. The student should be evaluate the current care policies and establish whether they are effective and fair to all members of society (Virginia Gray, David and Jennifer 135). This article is important since it has the relevant information concerning the roles of various government agencies in health care. It provides explanation on the negative impacts of states’ refusal to develop Medicaid. The article spells out the states that are likely to be marginalized by this policy.

FOREX (Foreign Exchange Market ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FOREX (Foreign Exchange Market ) - Essay Example When UK joined the ERM, her DM rate stood at 2.95, slightly above the minimum requirement for the euro zone (Friedman and Woodford 182). In a bid to migrate the ERM loss, UK should have tried not to overvalue the pound. The overvaluation caused ripples in economic markets, allowing speculators to make profits at the expense of economic failure. Drawing from the above diagram, UK government could have migrated losses by avoiding buying of pounds using foreign exchange reserves. As the diagram suggests, 1990 and 1992 exhibits inhibited economic growth and significantly high inflation. Artificial overvaluation of the pound under such circumstances proved catastrophic to the UK. By 1992, UK base rates were on a decline trend as the above diagram suggests. However, the actual scenario on the ground was different. UK had revised interest rates upwards, an aspect that further accelerated economic failure. In response, UK left ERM, cut interest rates, and embarked on economic growth stimulation through inflation reduction, housing market corrections, and employment

Hidden intellectualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Hidden intellectualism - Essay Example She asserts that the best method of approaching ideas, conversations is in the form of a debate. She illustrates these with examples of company news, the company that looks for the news anchors who can show extremely odd views so that they can present the two sides of the situation. She argues the way, such a culture is the day-to-day routine that the public interactions are used, and to them, they believe the way one thinks. According to her, an individual has to pose a debate so that the other individuals can agree or disagree with the point. However, moderation should also be applied when it comes to a debate. This is because even the debates have their own purpose, though they are not the only options for understanding and viewing the world. According to Tannen, people’s culture is based on the personal habits and arguments that seek the winning and losing end. She states that when it comes to the conflict, for instance, there must be an opposing and proposing side, and in this case, there must be a disagreement and agreement. According to her, it only destroys the society and sets people in the battle mindset situations whereby every battle must lead to hurting. She emphasizes that it only makes people think of irrelevant rhetorical limitations from the opposing end, instead of listening to the important issues. She argues and views agonizing response as the planned contentiousness, pre-patterned, without thinking, and involves fighting so that one can reach his or her goal.

Utility Programs and Macros Essay Example for Free

Utility Programs and Macros Essay Definition: A utility program is a program that performs a common task, such as copying and listing files on a list. Utility programs are generally provided alongside the operating system, but are sometimes bought separately. Many utility commands change with the operating system. Eg. In windows, the copy command is Ctrl + C, but in Mac OSx this changes to Command +C. The major tasks carried out by utility programs are: 1) Disk Formatting (Preparing either laser or hard discs for use) 2) Listing files in directories or folders. 3) Copying files, either from application to application, or within the same application. (Web browsers, word processors) 4) Copying discs 5) Renaming files 6) Backing up files, and also creating OS backups. (Time machine (Mac OSx), Windows Backup) 7) Running a file search in large files or directories Some other major tasks which operating systems often, but not always provide are: 1) File and Disc repair [Check disk, Defragmenter, Disk utility (Mac OSx)] 2) Anti-Virus tools, or malware checkers. (Windows Defender, Mac Cleaner) 3) Web Browser, to surf the internet. This could be standard, purchased, or freeware. (Safari, Internet Explorer) 4) File Compression, to compress files, and make the file size smaller. (Windows File Compression, Mac file Compression) Note: Often, these tools are not given by the Operating System, or are not advanced enough to be completely reliable. In this event, one may need to purchase the software. Eg. Norton Antivirus, Mcafee Antivirus, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Rockmelt, Winzip, 7-Zip, etc. MACROS: Definition: Macros allow you to automatically record a series of keystrokes, so that the key combination can record those keystrokes when required to do so. They are incredibly useful if you want to automate tasks which take too long to do, time and again, by hand. MACROS are available in most word processing applications, and are easy to use. They can save various things, such as fonts, font sizes, addresses, and even formats. One could create a MACRO that allows one to insert a document header, and footer, in a particular font, by just using two keystrokes. Creating a MACRO in MS Word is incredibly simple. This is how it is done: 1) Click on record MACRO at the bottom of the screen. 2) Give the MACRO a name. 3) Everything you do between turning the recorder on, and off, is recorded. 4) For example, you can insert a header and footer, type out an address, change the font to a particular size, etc. 5) In the status bar, click on stop recording. 6) In newer versions of Word, one must turn on the MACRO recorder in the developer tab, and then do what one wants.

Eyes Wide Shut: Adaptation Of Dream Story

Eyes Wide Shut: Adaptation Of Dream Story This essay is a critical analysis on the adaptation of Dream Story as Eyes Wide Shut. The analysis is organised around the key points identified within the argument such as ideology, point of view and the gendering of representation in narrative cinema. Stanley Kubrick masterful film Eyes Wide Shut (1999) is a faithful adaptation of Arthur Schnitzlers novella Dream Story (Traumnovelle, published in 1926 for the first time). In terms of genre Eyes Wide Shut combines a drama, a thriller, a neo-noir conspiracy mystery, a road story, erotic and melodrama. Both Kubrick and his co-screenwriter Frederic Raphael created a very faithful script, with only few alterations that were made because of the artistic narration that is very difficult to put on screen. Kubrick merged in his film the boundaries between different types of adaptation making the film both a transposition and a commentary on Dream Story. According to credits Eyes Wide Shut was inspired by Traumnovelle. The book was originally published as Traumnovelle and its literal translation Dream Story loses the word trauma, which was one of Sigmund Freuds areas of research. The novel represent the period of time of Vienna during the decadent 20th century when Freuds theories were extremely popular, and Arthur Schnitzler, being his devoted follower, attempted to describe his characters emotions and real motives. Freud famously joked that he did not want to meet the writer, and that was based on the belief that one could die upon meeting his double. In his adaptation Kubrick has transposed Schnitzlers Vienna to contemporary Manhattan and has altered the main characters names with Fridolin becoming Bill and Albertine becoming Alice. His fidelity to Schnitzlers story is remarkable and only few scenes are invented for the movie. The plot is following the relationship between Fridolin/Bill (Tom Cruise) and Albertine/Alice (Nicole Kidman) and their erotic fantasies. Their marriage was stable until Albertine has shattered Bills faith in her fidelity by confessing that during holidays in Denmark, she had a sexual fantasy about naval officer and at some point she was ready to abandon her husband and daughter in pursuit of forbidden attraction. This revelation generates despair in Bill and propels his sexual odyssey. He sets out on a two days quest for sexual thrills that entails: admission of love from deceased patients daughter, almost sleeping with prostitute, a masked orgy with amazing women at a ball. Returning home he tells Albertine about his adventures and from that point on the couple begins to patch up their marriage. In terms of non-linguistic sound codes, as Randy Rassmusen wrote, Dmitri Shostakovichs Jazz Suite Waltz No. 2 begins with the opening credits and that light music helps to reinforce our impression of a happy (on a surface) marriage with a hint of cynical flavour, but also moves us back to Viennese waltzes played in ballrooms. After all turbulences the marriage has to go through the same waltz returns during the final credits, suggesting a return to daily marital boredom (Rassmusen: 356). According to Raphael Schnitzler was aware of the disintegration of individual citizens within Austrian society, which has a clear expression in Dream Story, in where a happy marriage is dissected into perverse impulses of murderous madness and carefree sensuality, of mutual attraction and revulsion. Schnitzler said that: Feelings und understanding may sleep under the same roof, but they run completely separate households in the human souls (Schnitzler: xvi). It is the institution of a perfect marriage that Kubrick thoroughly examined in his film. According to Peter Bogdanowich Most sources state that Kubrick was introduced to the novel itself by his Austrian-born second wife Ruth Sobotka, whom he divorced in 1961. What struck Kubrick so much about Traumnovelle was that it would allow him to examine his own dark side, and one can speculate that he also saw it as a way to expiate his guilt suggests Kubricks biographer, John Baxter, referring to Subotka suicide in 1968. (Peter Bogdanowich: 243). Dream Story focuses solely on the male half of the marriage. This is also a case with Eyes Wide Shut, but Kubrick, unlike Schnitzler, gives his female lead moments of psychological independence from her partner. In Dream Story, Albertine is never given a moment away from Fridolin, but in Eyes Wide Shot Alice is given several without Bill, such as when she dances with a Hungarian millionaire at Victor Zieglers ball. In most cases though she is either stoned or drunk or has just woken up. Nicole Kidman didnt mind this and said in the interview: If my characters got one line, one word, Ill play Alice () We (Kidman and Cruise) want to dedicate our lives to making this film (Bogdanovich: 245) In terms of narrative organisation Mario Falsetto argues that the main patterns established in film are repetition and variation of narrative incident as key structuring devices (Falsetto: 16). In addition to this Eyes Wide Shut is full of allusions, symbolism and dream logic. Although Dream Story was responsible for most of the plot, according to Falsetto, Kubrick added many structural elements to his adaptation, that are not to be traced to the novel and which helps to allude scenes with each other such as Zieglers Christmas ball at the beginning of the movie that later echoed masked ball. The most apparent series of repetitions around which much of the films narrative trajectory is propelled is the series of subjective shots of Bill imagining Alice and the naval officer having sex (Falsetto: 17). These fantasy shots repeat couple of times thorough the film and they help adjust the story to Bills point of view and his consciousness. Falsetto argues that: The conception and articula tion of Bills subjective universe is often expressed through a deliberate use of perceptual point-of-view shots to create an emotional, as well as spatial, relationships to his world (Falsetto: 131) Seymour Chatman in Coming to Terms suggest, according to his dictionary, two senses of point of view: a point from which things are viewed and a mental position of viewpoint. The basic distinction is between a physical place from which something is seen (a vista and a lookout), and a viewers mental attitude or posture. At the beginning of the film Kubrick added the scene of Alice undressing in front of the mirror. That scene is missing from the book, as nudity in literature was rather bold during Schnitzlers life. This moment suggest that Alice is being watched though the doorway from the next room, and therefore, the audience assume the point of view is her husbands. His point of view is never really stated too obviously though and we are constantly made to wonder what exactly we are watching: a reality, a nightmare or a lucid dream? Dream Storys plot follows though Eyes Wide Shut with particular respect to magic word fidelity. Audience is left to wonder if the password to masked ball Fidelio (Denmark in the novel) refers to Beethovens famous opera, fidelity with original story, fidelity in marriage or fidelity to hidden underworld where sex magic are not just a fantasy? Randy Rasmussen argues that in Kubricks last film: () chance, coincidence, and misperception play in the fortunes of its characters. Just like Bill Hartford, we are constantly given an impression only to have it challenged or overturned. An in the final analysis, there are some things about which we can draw no definitive conclusions. In short, real life can be as difficult to figure out as a dream. (Rasmussen: 333). In that sense Kubrick may be trying to open peoples eyes. The first attempt to make public see takes place during the Christmas ball where Bill is called by Ziegler to resuscitate a call girl that had overdose. Bill says to her Can you open your eyes for me? Mandy, can you do that? Let me see you open your eyes. There you go, come on. Come on, look at me. Look at me (screenplay). The aim of making audience see was at the heart of Kubrick cinematography and that can be explained by the change of title from Dream Story to oxymoron Eyes Wide Shut which suggests a confused perception between reality and dream. As Brian McFarlane argues in Novel to Film: Commentators in the field are fond of quoting Joseph Conrads famous statement of his novelistic intention: My task which I am trying to achieve is, by the powers of the written word, to make you, before all, to make you see. This remark of 1897 is echoed, consciously or otherwise, 16 years later by D. W. Griffith, whose cinematic intentions is recorded as: The task I am trying to achieve is above all to make you see. McFarlane continues: Whereas Griffith used his images to tell a story, as means to understanding, Conrad wanted the reader to see in and through and finally past his language and his narrative concept to the hard, clear bedrock of images. (McFarlane: 3) Kubrick in Eyes Wide Shut wanted public to see with the use of image: cinematography, lightning, costumes and colour (lots of blue and red used as contrast). As Falsetto points out: They reinforce the reading that much of the film is a poetic rendering of Bills consciousness and often stands in for his emotions (Falsetto: 138). In Eyes Wide Shut Kubricks choice of image symbolism over dialogue in communicating his ideas is especially helpful because of third person and subjective narration of Dream Story that is extremely difficult to film. Falsetto argues that: One brief illustration is a shot that frames Bill stalker standing beside a STOP sign intercut with Bill holding a copy of the New York Post that carries the headline Lucky to Be Alive. (Falsetto: 138-139). That shot is accompanied by The Musica Ricercata II that was earlier heard in the orgy scene and it comes back later when Bill is reading the news about call girls death. The use of conspiracy thematic allusion seems to be more convincing and striking than mere words. In terms of gendering representation, around which the film is constructed, in the opening shot Alice, seen from behind, tosses her black dress out, revealing her naked body to the unseen male character. Undressing before the Zieglers party she asks: How do I look? Her body in that scene is revealed as an object of contemplation in a form of too-be-look-at-ness (Mulvey: 19). According to Mulvey, the womans body is an object of pure erotic observation, while the man, who is an active subject of gender representation, controls the direction of the gaze onto a female body. It was Kubricks choice to organise gender representation around the male visual pleasure. While Fridolin is a regular 19th century General Practitioner, Bills specialisation is plastic surgery which strengthens the connection with female bodies displayed in cinema as an erotic object, according to Mulvey. The determining male gaze projects its fantasy onto the female figure, which is styled accordingly. (Mulvey: 19). The ritual prostitutes, masked but naked mannequins, are the ultimate symbol of patriarchal visuality. Mulvey argues that women are excluded from cultural or governmental participation, their image has been stolen and their bodies exploited. (Mulvey: 112). Henry Kissinger famously said: Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac and sadly most women are excluded from sharing its pleasures as according to the dolly bird culture women are told how to behave and look and are commodified by men. Besides gender politics Kubrick attempted to depict the naked wealth of USA and the destructive effect it has on the society in general. The movie starts with a Christmas ball at the Zieglers mansion, which Kubrick invented for the purpose of his story as he was more concerned about social divisions than Schnitzler in his novel where Fridolin was not wealthy, but simply middle-class. Bill has reached the top of the social ladder only to discover that far above him there is another one to climb. Ziegler invited his to his party full of millionaires, where Bill didnt know a soul but no matter high he climbs the social ladder, the secret underworld he trespassed at the Black Mass will always be out of reach. In the end he is just a doctor. Originally Bill shows off his social status and wealth and because of that many doors are being open for him (in Schnitzlers original story his profession is not of such importance). Randy Rasmussen in his book Stanley Kubrick Seven Films Analysed says that Dr. Bill Hartford deceptively employs his identity as a physician to access information and material which advance his personal desires. And so, in their own ways, do the hospital staff member, amorous hotel clerk and balding costume shot proprietor upon whom he works his professional magic (Rasmussen: 330). However Bills exploitation of his professional status sometimes has benevolent consequences, as when he (and similarly Fridolin) tries to help a prostitute that offered to redeem him during the underworld masked orgy when he was told to take off his mask. He leaves the ball humiliated and is being warned that if he reveals the upper-crust secrets there will be the most serious consequences for him and his family. (screenplay) Kubrick changed the scene in which Fridolin is confronted by a band of members of Alemannic club (being in film confronted by average teenage yobs), which echoed the fact that Jews during Schnitzlers lifetime were banned from such fraternities and the apprehension of Jews facing Gentile provocation (Schnitzler: Xiii). Kubrick came back with issue of Alemannic clubs in his orgy scene in which he depicted black mass of secret society. In film, as well as book, the lead character is being threatened twice but is in both cases is lucky enough to get away unharmed. The sex-death connection continuous repeatedly through the film. Kubricks second wife Christine said of Eyes Wide Shut It had nothing to do with sex and everything to do with fear (Falsetto: 243). Those two opposite instincts always walk hand in hand during Bills nocturnal odyssey. Victor Ziegler sexual encounter at the beginning of the film almost ends with death from overdose of the call girl (scene invented by Kubrick); Alice suggests that terminally ill breast cancer patients may be actually sexually aroused in his presence (invented by Kubrick); Marion Nathanson reveals her feelings towards Bill in front of her father who has just died (same as in novel); Bill finds out that a prostitute who recently offered him her services is HIV positive (invented). Bills sexual desires can never be fulfilled in the same way like our dreams can hardly be controlled. Freud in Interpretation of Dreams (Part 4) argued that in each human being, as the primary cause of dream formation, two psychic forces (streams, systems), of which one constitutes the wish expressed by the dream, while the other acts as a censor upon this dream wish, and by means of this censoring forces a distortion of its expression. Bill is continuously being placed in dubious and dangerous situations which metaphorically act like coitus interruptus to his sexual adventures. Conclusion As Falsetto pointed out (Falsetto: 75) Eyes Wide Shot is a typically Freudian film, as it explores the psychological areas that drive sexual desires and death instincts. It replays gender conventions constructed within social and symbolic relations patterned within mainstream cinema. But what differentiate Eyes Wide Shut from the typical Hollywood pattern is the scene in which Bill subjectivity is threatened during the masked ball when he is asked to remove his mask and clothes. This time he is the one to be watched by hundred of hidden eyes and his anxiety reaches crucial point. Ironically, a gazing male becomes gazed at. To Freud this is a typical anxiety dream that symbolizes impotence and insecurity. It seems like to Kubrick it was his trademark as a filmmaker to question established and seemingly flawless patterns within basically patriarchal society and Hollywood gender representation. What is also made differently from typical gendering of representation is the first scene in which Alice is looking into a mirror, resembling Alices journey Through the Looking-Glass. Thanks to that metaphor Kubrick provides the female lead with a fantasy world and subjectivity which Albertine lacks. They are both housewives, dependant on their husbands, with Alice a previous owner of failed art gallery but, unlike Albertine, she is given several moment of privacy from her partner. Schnitzler and Freud believed that women have unhealthy desire for sex. For that reason Albertine fantasized about Fridolin being tortured and crucified but Kubrick got rid of those misogynist and archaic ideas altogether and in his film Alice fantasized healthily about the naval officer and is not scolded for it. Schnitzlers characters taking part in Black Mass orgy are all dressed as nun and priests but Kubrick, being aware that some of Freuds ideas were out of date, removed all references to religious symbolism. In summary EWS attempts to provide women with subjectivity and with fantasies and it also depicts the alienation of female sexuality within gendering representation of patriarchal social and political pattern. Kubrick reveals the deceit of mans claim to power and domination, which seems to come from selected Freuds critical ideas of religion and his analysis of family conflicts, sexual desires, guilt and the death instincts.

Role Of Financial Markets In A Modern Economy

Role Of Financial Markets In A Modern Economy This essay examines the assumption, that a large financial sector consistently benefits the real economy. It has been acknowledged that the financial sector, not to mention some of its components, may sometimes become too large. It can end up posing a threat to both economic and financial stability, so the essay develops our understanding of where the optimal threshold lies. The regulatory measures and addresses the problem best: namely, preventing the financial industry from becoming too large and taking excessive risks, leading to the emergence of bubbles, and to the production of complex and dense financial instruments. And we should avoid imposing restrictive measures that will prevent the financial sector from channelling resources towards productive opportunities. In doing so, we need to make sure that our measures target non-traditional financial markets as much as traditional banking, in order not to encourage regulatory arbitrage and a return to business as usual outside the auspices of regulators. Financial innovation can impose a threat to both economic and financial stability, so we have to enhance our understanding of where the best possible threshold lies in determining the size of the financial systems. There is an emerging consent that while financial markets are generally conducive to economic growth, in the run-up to the recent crisis they were operating on an extreme scale. This essay will converse around four main points: firstly that efficient financial markets enhance growth, however, if they grow too large, then they may lead to a misallocation of resources and cause costly crises. Secondly, facts will be presented showing that in the build-up to the crisis, the size of the financial sector outgrew its trend. Thirdly, identification of some of the main reasons why this occurred and argued how to avoid that such imbalance again. To this end, regulation and supervision can play an important role. Lastly, while ensuring that the financial sector does not grow beyond its optimal size, the new regulatory framework should not reach the point of financial domination. The knowledge from recent industrialised countries has relatively claim, that deeper financial markets improve economic efficiency, lead to a better allocation of productive capital, and increase long-term economic growth. However, the frequent financial shocks associated with dynamic financial industries, and in particular the recent economic crisis, also highlight the role large financial markets play in downside risk. This mutually shows that there is a trade-off between a highly vibrant financial sector and the overall stability of the financial system. (Ranciere, R., Tornell, A., and F. Westermann, 2008) The first part of this essay will argue the aspects of the financial sector which can give us key insights into this trade-off is its size. When reasonably large, financial markets promote economic efficiency by recognising productive opportunities and transforming savings into the investment vitally to finance those opportunities. However, when they become too large, relative to what is implied by economic fundamentals, problems like financial complexity, poorly understood financial innovation, flock behaviour, and endogenous risk-taking to name just a few suddenly outweigh the benefits. The recent financial and economic crisis is a stark example of that. The pre-crisis period was characterised by the growing size, complexity and connectiveness of financial markets, with ensuing unfavourable effects on the global economy. In order to address the problem, regulatory measures are being taken to impose limits on the tendency of the financial sector to create downside risk. But a fine balance needs to be reached: these measures must be effective but not penalizing; they need to address the core of the problem without excessively limiting the ability of financial markets to sustain economic growth. Before going on the second point, it is perhaps useful to explain why we still need a large and dynamic financial industry. In general, deep and efficient financial markets improve economic performance both by raising the level of growth and by allocating productive capital more efficiently, ultimately generating benefits for the society as a whole( Rajan, R., and L. Zingales, 1998) . The difference is particularly noticeable when it comes to the financing of innovative ideas, where the much larger US venture capital industry has been credited over the years with the emergence of whole new industries and such innovative corporate giants as Microsoft, Cisco Systems and Google. All this leads us to the second point of the essay, which is how the size of the financial sector outgrew its trend. Most economists think the relationship between finance and growth as one in which more is better. However, the recent crisis has revealed that a financial sector which goes beyond a certain threshold (or breaking point) can harm the economy and society as a whole. In particular, an oversized financial industry tends to intensify information asymmetries, moral hazard problems, and the hunt for yield, leading to excessive risk-taking and over-leveraging of the system. The events of 2007-2008 suggest that when financial sectors are too large, the allocation of resources may become inefficient. Numerous examples of misallocation were associated with the credit growth of the early 2000s as well, of which the expansion of the US sub-prime mortgage market is just the most obvious one. We can think of examples in Europe too for instance, growth in Spain relied for years on an ever-expanding real estate sector fuelled by increasing borrowing.( Popov, A., and P. Roosenboom, 2009) After discussing the negative penalties on financial stability and economic growth that a too large financial sector can generate, in this section I will analyse available evidence to show that the financial industry as a whole has grown to a sub-optimal size. It is important to note that this is not due to rising compensation in traditional financial sectors like credit and insurance, but due to the large increase in compensation in non-traditional financial activities like investment banks, hedge funds and the like (Figure 1) below. This is another reason why any changes to the regulatory environment aimed at preventing systemic crises in the future will have to deal not just with the traditional banking sector, but with the so-called shadow banking sector as well. Unfortunately, it is not clear whether the crisis has imposed discipline on the financial sector. In theory, one would have expected the crisis to have resulted in, for instance, a new bonus structure with smaller rewards for short-term behaviour, less proprietary trading and more trading on own resources, greater aversion to the accumulation of debt, etc. To find possible remedies to the excessive size of the financial sector, it is important to understand the factors that have allowed it to grow too big, which leads us to the third part of the essay. As mentioned before, one obvious reason is excessive profits. Not only did rapid financial innovation enable Wall Street to encourage risk-taking through record pay, but this process also diverted human resources away from more traditional productive occupations towards the shadow banking system. Of course, an equally important reason for the increase in the size of the financial sector is the global accumulation of savings over time. It has been argued that the pre-crisis boom in US real estate and securitisation markets reflected high foreign demand for safe US assets resulting from excess world savings in the context of persistent global imbalances.( Caballero, R., and A. Krishnamurthy, 2009) According to this interpretation, foreign asset demand not only pushed down the risk-free interest rate in the US but also compressed the risk premier on risky assets. The low cost of financing, in turn, fostered an increase in the level of leverage of the domestic financial sector which exacerbated systemic risk While the recent increase in the profits of the industry was certainly due to improved financial innovation and technology, it can also be attributed to the higher risks that the financial sector undertook.(Biais, B., Heider, F. and M. Hoerova, 2010)By limiting these risks, it will be possible to reduce the size of the financial sector as well. For instance, suppose that risks decrease because of limits to leverage. This may imply that profits will go down as well. As a consequence, the financial sector will attract fewer resources, private capital will flow to more profitable industries, and its size will decrease. A natural question is how the new regulatory framework will affect economic growth. This question will answer the final part of the essay. It is necessary to ensure financial stability and restrain excessive credit, at the same time this process should not go too far and impair economic growth. There is substantial macro level evidence that the depth of the credit markets measured alternately as liquid liabilities and commercial bank credit to the private sector is associated with higher economic growth. (King, R., and R. Levine, 1993.) Changes in the supply of credit, both in terms of volumes and credit standards, have been shown to have a significant effect on real economic activity through business lending; the evidence is stronger for the euro area than the US. Studies that have gone into the mechanisms of this effect have generally concluded that the positive effect of credit markets on growth comes from reallocation of investment from dying to booming sectors, from higher rat es of new business entry, and from higher growth of industries consisting mainly of small firms. As I mentioned above, the expansion of sub-prime lending clearly imposed a negative externality on the whole economy, and so in hindsight regulatory measures that would have prevented such credit expansion could in fact have been beneficial. To summarise, capital requirements, and leverage ratios serve well to illustrate the trade-off between stability and growth as mentioned at the beginning. The examples provided earlier show that the costs incurred when an oversized financial system unwinds are very large and outweigh any pre-crisis gains. Therefore, practical regulatory actions are to restore the balance between stability and growth is perfectly justified. Conclusion Financial markets are central players in a dynamic modern economy, channelling resources from savers to borrowers and allocating them to productive investment opportunities. At the same time, our experience in the past decade has highlighted the dangers of allowing financial sectors to become too large. In doing so, negative developments like the hunt for rents, the propensity to herd and create bubbles, the misalignment of incentives, and the production of complex innovative financial instruments may outweigh the benefits of finance. Given the obvious negative impact of an excessively large financial industry, we keep asking ourselves whether limits should be imposed on the size of the financial sector itself. It must be clear from the evidence that has been presented that the answer to this question is yes. However, it is also essential to make sure that we do not repress financial markets to the point of jeopardising their contribution to growth. Therefore, the measures outlined are aimed at making the industry safer rather than weaker, and should not be considered punitive. Their goal is to re-direct the financial sector so that it avoids embarking on unsustainable patterns. These actions are aimed at commercial banks as well as at non-traditional financial players to make sure that excessive risk-taking is not taking place outside the auspices of regulators. Ensuring that the financial sector is large enough to strengthen the economy while not being too large is a task that we take very seriously. There is a clear trade-off between economic growth and financial stability, and it is a difficult but critical task to strike a good balance, ensuring that we end up neither with too little growth nor with too little stability.

Character Names in Joseph Helers Catch-22 Essay -- Joseph Heler Catch

Character Names in Joseph Heler's Catch-22 Many characters in Joseph Heler’s Catch-22 do not have proper names. Like the Texan, the soldier in white, and the soldier who saw everything twice, Nately’s whore’s kid sister does not have a specific birth name. This namelesnes forces the reader to question her identity, her characteristics, and her role in the work in relation to other characters. As Nately’s whore’s kid sister, she is at least two degres of separation away from a real name, a true identity. The reader is forced to consider this character first in relation to Nately and then as the kid sister of a whore who also lacks a proper name. Every formulation of the kid sister’s identity must be filtered through these other characters. This distance from authentic identity makes her more of an abstraction than a recognizable character. She is described as innocent, dependent, and pre-sexual. These qualities put her in direct contrast with the corupt, immoral, and hedonistic ch aracters that populate the pages of this novel. An examination of her name (or lack thereof), her behavior, and her interactions with and influence upon other characters in this novel show Nately’s whore’s kid sister to be an embodiment of human innocence and hopefu longing for a brighter future. Insight may be gained most easily by breaking her name down into its component parts—kid and sister. â€Å"Kid† is a coloquialism for child. Her behavior is repeatedly described in terms that one would asociate with a child. She is easily appeased with a hug and some chocolate ice cream. Her dependency and ned for atention can be seen in the way she tags along wherever Nately and his whore go and in her eforts to imitate her elders. Repeating what her ... ... and the sense of joy he now feels for living. These feelings are inspired by the kid sister and the innocence and hopefulnes that she represents. In Catch-22, Heler presents the human spirit in conflict with a contradictory world. The institutions that form the basis of society—government, commerce, religion—fail to provide the support neded for the mental, physical, and spiritual health of the species. Nately’s whore’s kid sister can be sen as a personification of the wil to survive. In the kid sister, Heler presents an irepresible, eternal hope for the future of humankind. Despite the ravages of war, abuse, neglect, depravity, and unrestrained capitalism the human soul continues to search for inspiration, for the innocent kid sister, for a way to the imposible shores of Sweden. Works Cited: Heler, Joseph. Catch-22. 1955. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

The Heresies of Thomas Hardy :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Heresies of Thomas Hardy       Thomas Hardy is widely recognized as a poet who went against the conventions of his contemporaries by calling religion into question. Hardy's writing style is so prone to allow random natural events to decide the course of his novels that he often seems to be asking why God, if he existed, would let such bad things happen to basically good people.    Another philosopher who expressed heretical views about conventional religion during Hardy's era was Auguste Comte, founder of positivism. In his writings on positivism, Comte "set forth a comprehensive theory of the historical development of human knowledge" (Mitchell 619). According to Comte, humanity has thus far moved through three phases: theological, metaphysical and positive. The positive stage, based on scientific reason, had been achieved about the time of the industrial revolution (Mitchell 619-620). "Comte and his followers rejected traditional religion, substituting a religion based entirely on historical and sociological principles" (Mitchell 620). Comte's central principle was the idea that the laws governing human thought and action are a subclass of the laws of nature (Mitchell 620).    Hardy seems to be able more readily to espouse this idea than traditional religion. For Hardy, traditional religion made no sense because there was no proof that God existed, only speculation (Hynes xviii). It seems more logical that if there is a set of laws governing nature, then there should be a set of laws governing how humans think and interact.    Hardy is not able to fully lend his writing to an idea of logical order, however; he seems to believe that often there is no controlling force, and that is why life can seem so cruel. In his novels, we see completely random actions, either of people or nature, which lead to the unhappiness or downfall of characters. In Far From the Madding Crowd Bathsheda sends the valentine to Boldwood merely on a whim (79); this single act, however, contributes to the downfall of the man, which also manifests itself in the random storm which destroys the ricks. In The Mayor of Casterbridge the wife selling (79) is brought about by Henchard's drunken anger; it is the random arrival of Farfrae, on his way to the new world, that eventually leads to the impulsive Henchard's downfall.

Earthworm Biodiversity in an Arid Region of Rajasthan, India

Among the soil fauna, earthworms have an important role to improve soil texture. The soil texture plays an important role in water holding capacity. Earthworms have an ability to enhance soil characteristics. It contributes to the breakdown of organic matter and release plant nutrients (Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). Earthworms are also considered as useful indicator of the health of soil ecosystem (Edwards and Bohlen, 1992) as to their role in soil fertility through fragmentation and mixed up the soil with mineral particle, enhancing microbial activity to breakdown plant organic matter.The contribution of earthworms in soil turnover, structure formation and serve as a fertility enhancer in different way. Earthworms are useful in land improvement and organic waste management (Edwards and Baker, 1992; Lavelle and Martin, 1992; Johnson, 1997; Villenave et al. , 1999). The distribution and population density of various earthworm species have been correlated with soil type and agriculture la nd use (Haynes et al. , 2003; Sbrina et al. , 2009). The biodiversity of earthworms is influenced by physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and climatic conditions of habitats.Earthworm’s biodiversity is directly affected by soil characteristics (Edwards and Lofty, 1977). These community influencing factors are soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, C/N ratio, soil moisture and soil texture. Biodiversity is counted as human resources (Heywood, 1996). Recently, many biologists studied the biodiversity and distribution of earthworms in the different parts of the world (Blakemore, 2000, 2002, 2003; Change and Chen, 2004,2005; Blakemore et al. ,2006; Sautter et al. , 2006; Ghafoor et al. , 2008).Present study was done in Bikaner district, which is located in Thar desert of Rajasthan ranging 28. 01 ° N 73. 19 ° E. . The average rain fall in this area is 10† to 15† only. Therefore, climatic conditions are adverse for organisms. Most of its area is irrigate d with tube wells and Indira Gandhi canal. Due to adverse conditions from a long period, there is still a few information about biodiversity and habitats. The present study will revealed new basic information for further research on earthworms and its ecology and application of earthworms in agriculture sector.

Prospects and Problems of Snails Production in Nigeria

CHAPTER ONE 1. 1. Introduction Nigerias economic convalescence programmes strike necessitated a ultra gaolbreak from total dependence on giving medication for job to ego-employment. One such captivating p coiffureing ara for self-employment is pull together rearing. It is a enceinte money-spinning business that after part provide a substantial source of protein to complement Nigerian carbohydrate meals. Sadly Nigerians inclination to go into business in the fields where thousands kick in already made their fortune has lead to the ulter neglect of such lucrative bea of pull together farming in Nigeria or export at international market. more than pack see collects here and there. almost masses rail it as meat. But instead a topic dont know how to go ab verboten rearing them. This is made worse be rush gathers, which run short to the family of animal cal direct MOLLUSCA, is a hermaphrodite. It has both the female and male sexual organs so one fucking non re tot every(prenominal)yy key in the midst of the male and female coinage of it. 1. 2. Overview Snails that respire using a lung belong to the group Pulmonata, while those with gills contrive a polyphyletic group in other words, escargots with gills form a number of taxonomic groups that ar not necessarily more close to related to each other than they atomic number 18 related to about other groups.Both snails that shake lungs and snails that commit gills yield diversified so liber on the wholey over geological succession that a fewer species with gills crumb be prime on land and legion(predicate) species with lungs can be piece in fresh pissing. Even a few devil dog species have lungs. Snails can be found in a very wide range of environments, including ditches, deserts, and the abyssal depths of the sea. Although m some(prenominal) people are familiar with terrestrial snails, they are in the minority. Marine snails constitute the mass of snail species, and ha ve much vaster diversity and a greater biomass.Numerous kinds of snail can also be found in fresh body of water. Most snails have thousands of microscopic in additionth- standardised structures located on a ribbon- like tongue called a radula. The radula works like a file, ripping food into belittled pieces. M either snails are herbivorous, eating plants or rasping algae from surfaces with their radulae, though a few land species and many ocean species are omnivores or predatory carnivores. CHAPTER twain 2. 1. SNAIL FARMING IN NIGERIA Nigerias economic recovery programmes have necessitated a radical shift from total dependence on government for job to self-employment.One such piquant subject for self-employment is snail rearing. It is a great money-spinning business that can provide a substantial source of protein to complement Nigerian carbohydrate meals. Sadly Nigerians inclination to go into business in the fields where thousands have already made their fortune has led to the ulter neglect of such lucrative empyrean of snail farming in Nigeriaor export at international market. CHAPTER trey 3. 1. Problems of snail production 1. Population go out This is a sticky subject for a lot of people only if its of the essence(p) to think about this sensibly if you remember to bear snails.With certain species able to recline 1200+ eggs in one year it is completely impractical to post to be all your eggs. And with to the highest degree species, eggs are almost guaranteed. So lets deal with the options you have or may have heard 1. holding snails isolated This is a common touch but I dont think it is a practical solution for a number of reasons. Id favour the opinion that snails do surmount with others and most people wouldnt wish to keep one snail, and you may not have the armored combat vehicles to start splitting them all up. Also, some species of snail can self-fertilise if unavoidable. 2.Picking snails that are notoriously hard to breed or i n high subscribe to This isnt a unfit suggestion youll not have any trouble finding homes for the babies. Remember though, that bracing breeds are in high demand but may not necessarily be difficult to breed. Your first few clutches may fly out the door, but its probable those new owners leave have similar success. Some species can be fertile indoors a few months, so the day when youll oppose to re-home them is merely postponed. 3. Discouraging breeding by essence of environmental conditions This is a bit like the rhythm method in humans, in that it is likely to be very risky.Most likely youll end up with unhappy snails and eggs anyway. 4. Destroying unwanted eggs The vast majority of snail keepers choose to prohibit any unwanted eggs as in brief as they are found. The sooner the infract because they baffle quite quickly, peculiarly if the snail has retained them for hourlong than usual. Destroying the eggs is more humane than hatching 1000s of unwanted babies. Owner s of tropical species do this and liken it much to the viability that is realistically found in the wild.A lot of eggs will be eaten, some wont develop and the come up of a baby snail surviving to adulthood is very poor. To destroy eggs you can only if crush, turn or freeze them, the latter the most popular method. Most people add the taint every few days, particularly in hot weather. More very much than not snails will lay against the bottom of the inning or side of a tank so they are easy to spot. Some snails hold eggs inside for longer than usual so the eggs can be more developed but in the majority of cases, great conditions in captivity mean they can lay as soon as they are formed.Native snail eggs generally take longer to hatch than tropical ones, 20-40 days, peradventure shorter in hot weather, so destroying them within a day or ii of being laid sum they are just fluid with no embryo in. Tropical eggs can hatch within a day or two so you have to be ultra vigilant. 5. Breeding Information (Self-fertilisation) The Pulmonates are hermaphroditic. Most are outcrossers, exchanging spermatophores, containing spermatozoa at mating. Others self-fertilise, at least some of the time in some, parts of the male reproductive strategy may be lost. Firstly, I cant be sure that by mention of self-fertilise it means fertilising oneself with ones own sperm or whether it simply means they control the process of choosing when and which sperm to fertilise themselves with. CHAPTER FOUR 4. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FAVOURING excerpt AND RAISING OF SNAIL Environment is the faction of external physical conditions that affect and baffle the growth, development and survival of organisms. Snail farms can be indoors or clear provided environmental conditions necessity for survival prevails for optimal production of snail the following environmental performers are ideal. 1) Temperature Temperature influences the activities of snails temperature above 200c will cau se the snails to as stivate our hibernate in run to regulate the body fluid recurring snails thrive well under ambient temperature of 200c with considerable growth rate all year round with zero chance of aestivation. Temperature and humidity 80 hand in hand and are very slender in the survival of snails. (2) Humidity This factor is very critical as the snail has to maintain a constant equalizer between the fluids.A humid environment is require for snail to remain active and bred all years round. A is hence necessary to moisten the environment during fry periods. (3) vague Snail though generally nocturnal requires shadowy for optimum growth. Provided the amount of light in terms of quantity and caliber is very arucil in the life of snail. 4. flat coat Soil is a medium for facsimile of snails good management practice involves endurance and mixture of demesne. It should be recalled that dent give suck a lot of pests predators and soil should diseases.It becomes necessary that soil farm be in good order analyzed before use in snail activities and development. It mixture of sand and carcass in good proportion retains water and therefore is not suitable on the other hand clay during the rains is water logged and cakes up during the dry period too hard for the snails to burrow through. Loamy soil is recommended as it contains enough organic way out with good retentive capacity. Acidic soil should be avoided. If it can not be avoided liming is encouraged in such situation.Periodic screening of calcium is also encouraged where and when it is absent. The soil should not contain harmful saltinesss or be so alkaline so as net to burn the snails (Akinuvsi 2000). 4. 2. HOVESING Snails are known to escape from enclosures that are not properly defend or covered. It therefore becomes imperative that snail houses should be protected to pr counterbalancet the snails from escaping and predator free. The housing for cosmetic surgery snails varies with the purp ose, however it could be made of wooden materials wire mesh or even local materials whether outdoor or indoor.CHAPTER quint 5. 1. Conclusion This review attempted to attempt the contribution of snail farming to scantness reduction in Nigeria. The paper show that snail farming is a bona fide means of complementing the carbohydrate meals of the totality of Nigeria as well as a means of generating income and to achieving self sufficiency as it provides self employment to the people. To be able to strive this, government should encourage investors in this area financially and extension services.It is, therefore, recommended that Government should take more than a cursory kindle in snail farming by encouraging investors through progression of an change environmental, financial and technical support. REFERENCES Agboola, F. K. , Fagbohunka, B. S. and Adenuga, G. A. (2008). Activities of Archachatina marginata heamolymph enzymes clues to terrestrial snails salt intolerance. Internati onal journal of Biological and chemic Sciences (2)1 6 71. Abere, S. A. and Lameed, G. A. (2008). The medicinal utilization of snails in some selected states in Nigeria. In Onyekwelu, J.C. Adekunle, V. A. J. and Oke, D. O. (eds. ). transaction of the first National conference of the sets and Forest Products Society (FFPs) held in Akure, Ondo State between 11th and 18th of April, 2008. Pp 233 237. Ademosun, A. A. , Omidiji, M. O. (1999). The nutrient honour of African giant land snail (Archachatina marginata). Journal of Animal Protection look for 8(2) 876 877. Adeyeye, E. I. (1996). Waste yield, Proximate and mineral writing of three different types of land snail found in Nigeria. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 42(2) 111-116.

Online Reservation and Ordering System

Section I INTRODUCTION garb atomic number 18 the things that have the attributes of color, size, pattern and cut. They ar usually comfortable to wear. Clothes are usually being stigmatiseped in malls, dress shops and tiangge. An online shop is an electronic obtain of proceedss that are open online through internet. Clothing is one of the evictonic need for humans of all ages. They bear with them the feeling of comfort. This is besides a commission for you to express your personality and emotions. Thus habiliments is important to human existence. Since it is the epoch of recent millennium malls have faced the change magnitude needs to adapt and sustain the needs of man.By means of the internet, shoppers corporation flat place the accessible items on the web. Online obtain has been dominant in every boxful of life. This could help the customers buy the product they exigency, when they want in the convenience of their own time. For some, shopping can be associa ted with their identity. Most of the essence to high class society shop online for their own convenience. One of the marketing strategies that Online taciturnity and lodge strategy should have is to hazard sure of the products availability. They likewise provide wider celestial orbit for shoppers. Thus encouraging the customers to visit and tell on the store.The purpose of proposing this Online mental reservation and monastic order System is to help Salad Dressing in gaining to a greater extent income and nationality. Purpose of end Plan This theater aims to design and have the Online Reservation and Ordering System for Salad Dressing Iloilo Branch. This would benefit the boutique since it forgeting be one of the shipway that the shop would gain profit. The proposed corpse provide help Salad Dressing Iloilo Branch by providing 1. Less time in buy an item and no need for a personal transaction. 2. Customers can now cerebration all the available products since bro wsing the website would be in their own convenience. . The boutique would be more exposed to the majority of the public since the proposed carcass will be online. Project Scope and Objectives The project scope covers the online reservation and ordering of available items. Customers can arrest or order the products they want. They can also pay their bills online beca map of the accessible mode of payments which is by the use of credit cards. Customers can also browse the website and be updated on the in vogue(p) products that are available in the boutique. The executive program or the break will be the one who will update the product list on the website.The project police squads main objective is to develop an online reservation and ordering dodging for Salad Dressing. The system has a web administrator trace which can access the content of the system and manage the updates of the product list on the web. Only the supervisor or the cashier can access the said account. This s ystem was proposed to help Salad Dressing Iloilo Branch only. some other than the above mentioned are not commence of . researcher study. Major Functions Online Reservation and Ordering System is a way for the customers to browse or access the items available in the boutique. This is made easy by the use of the internet.Our system would have the following functions frequent Product Availability With the use of the system, customers can browse or search available products on the boutique. Products can be silent/Ordered Using this system, it would be botheration free for the customers to buy the product online since it will take less time and they can do it without personal transaction. Easy sense modality of Payment The customers can pay their imputable amount through credit cards. Updates the in style(p) Trend Since this will be online the customer knows the latest products that were available. Printing of ReportsData convalescence would be more convenient and time savi ng. Performance Issues The store where the project aggroup conducts the study has problems with the availability of a real product that the customer needs for an occasion. Since the boutique is not that popular to the public because of their restrict forwarding. To prevent this incident, the project team proposed an Online Reservation and Ordering System. With the use of this system it would be more convenient for the customer to summate on the products availability and reserve a product that he/she needs. This system will also help in their publicity as well.